About Sahih Muslim - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1037 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/10/10 Category Religion Essay Level High school Tags: Islam Essay Did you like this example? About Sahih Muslim Sahih Muslim is a collection of hadith  put together  by Imam Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj al-Naysaburi( rahimahullah). His collection is  thought about to be one of  one of the most  genuine  collections of the Sunnah of the Prophet (), and  also  along with Sahih al-Bukhari forms the â€Å"Sahihain,† or the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"2 Sahihs.† It consists of regarding  7500 hadith (with  reps) in 57 publications.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About Sahih Muslim" essay for you Create order The translation provided  right  here is by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui. Writer bio Imam Muslim’s full name is Abu al-Husayn Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj ibn Muslim ibn Warat al-Qushayri al- Naysaburi (206-261 AH/821 -875  ADVERTISEMENT).  Imam â€Å"Muslim,† as his nasba  reveals,  belonged to the Qushayr  people  of the Arabs, a spin-off of the superb  clan of Rabi’a. He was  birthed  in Naysabur (Nishapur) in 206/821. His parents were  excellent individuals that  left such an  enduring impact  on his mind that he  invested  his life as a God-fearing  individual and also continuously followed the course of modesty.  Imam Muslim travelled  extensively to accumulate  hadith in Arabia, Egypt, Syria and  likewise  Iraq, where he attended the  talks  of some of the prominent Muhadith of his time: Isaq b. Rahawayh, Ahmad b. Hanbal, ‘Ubaydullah al-Qawariri, Qutaiba  container  Sa’id, ‘Abdullah ibn Maslama, Harmalah  container Yahya, as well as  others. After completing his education  and also knowing, he cooled  down at Nishapur. There he  got in telephone call  with Imam al-Bukhari. Imam Muslim was  excited  with Imam al-Bukhari’s  understanding that he maintained himself connected to him around completion  of his life. An added muhaddith that affected  Imam Muslim was M uhammad ibn Yahya al-Dhuhali  as well as  he attended his  talks consistently,  but when the difference of opinion  in  between Muhammad b. Yahya  as well as  Imam Bukhari on the  problem of the production  of the Holy  Qur’ a sharpened right  into hostility, Imam Muslim sided with Imam Bukhari and  likewise deserted  Muhammad b. Yahya  totally.  He was therefore a  real follower  of Imam al-Bukhari. He  developed numerous publications as well as writings on Hadith, yet the most critical of his jobs  is the collection (Jami’) of his Sahih. He  initially called his publication  Musnad as-Sahih, as well as discussed in his publication that he made up  authored such a  magazine in action to a concern from amongst  his students. Imam Muslim  diligently gathered  300,000 hadith  as well as additionally  after a thorough  assessment of them protected just 4000, the reliability  of which were  entirely  established. He prefixed to his compilation a  truly lighting  introduction, in which he specified  numerous  of the principles in which he had  in fact stuck to  in the choice of his  product. Imam Muslim needs  to his credit  score several  other valuable contributions to  various  branches of Hadith  literary works, in addition to a lot of them keep their reputation also to the here and now  day. Amongst these Kitab al-Musnad al-Kabir ‘Ala al-Rijal, Jami’ Kabir, Kitab, al-Asma‘ wa’ l-Kuna, Kitab al-Ilal, Kitab al- Wijdan are  extremely vital. Methods of Classification and Annotation Imam Muslim  purely observed several concepts of the scientific research  of Hadith, which had been  a little neglected by his fantastic instructor  Imam Bukhari (may Allah have  grace  on both of them). Imam Muslim  thought about simply such custom-mades to be real  and authentic as had  in fact been transferred  to him by an unbroken chain of reliable authorities  as high as the Prophet () in addition to stayed in ideal uniformity  with what had been  connected by numerous other writers whose reliability was unanimously approved as well as that were lacking  all defects. He  separated writers and also sub-narrators right  into 3 levels: 1. Those people who are completely  real  in their memory  as well as individuality without any  deficiency whatsoever. They were  understood to be genuine as well as likewise legitimate. 2. Individuals of a little minimal memory in addition to  perfection than the previous category, yet still  credible as well as informed,  not liars by any  kind of kind of treatment.  Examples of people in this category include ‘Ata ibn Said and  additionally  Layth ibn Abi Sulaim. 3. People whose  sincerity was a topic of conflict as well as also  discussion. Imam Muslim did not  worry  himself with such  individuals. Instances in this group contain  Abdullah ibn Maswar  in addition to  Muhammad ibn Said al-Maslub. Furthermore,  Imam Bukhari, while describing the chain of narrators, sometimes  states  their kunya and  also  sometimes gives their names. This is  especially real in circumstances  of the narrators of Syria. This creates a sort of confusion, which Imam Muslim has  actually stayed clear of. Imam Muslim takes particular  treatment  in according the  specific  words of the  authors as well as explains also the smallest  difference in the wording of their reports. Imam Muslim has  really also frequently  kept in view the  distinction in between both widely known setups  of narration, haddathana (he  told  to us) and  also akhbarana (he enlightened us). He feels that the initial  mode is used  just  when the teacher is  informing the hadith as well as additionally the trainee  is listening to it, while the  2nd  mode of expression implies that the student  reads  the hadith before the  trainer. This shows  his utmost care in the transmission of a hadith. Imam Muslim has  really taken wonderful pains in attaching  the chain of  storytellers. He has tape-recorded just  that hadith which, at least, 2 reputable tabi’in (fans) had actually learnt through 2 Friends as well as also this concept  is observed throughou t the subsequent chain of narrators. Sahih Muslim has been  cleared up  by Imam an-Nawawi  as well as amongst  his teachers Abu ‘Amr ibn Salah. His Students His Pupils Imam Muslim had an actually large circle of trainees, that found Hadith from him. Numerous of them live in an extremely noticeable setting in Islamic background, e.g. Abu Hatim Razi, Musa ibn Harun, Ahmad ibn Salama, Abu Isa Tirmidhi, Abu Bakr ibn Khusaima, Abu Awana as well as Al-Dhahabi. His Death Imam Muslim lived for fifty-five years. He invested most of his time in discovering Hadith, in its compilation, in its coach along with transmission. He regularly stayed absorbed in this single pursuit as well as absolutely nothing can avert his focus from this pious job. He passed away in 261/875, and also was concealed in the houses of Nishapur.

Becoming A Mentor Leader Who Can Work - 1715 Words

Using the Northcentral Library and Research Tools to Select a Topic Becoming a mentor/leader who can work with others to assist them in becoming better educators is my ultimate goal. In order to accomplish this task, I need to learn more about many topics. One way that will help me to learn is to utilize the tools of keywords and search limiters to assist my searches in the Northcentral Library and other sources. Another tool to take advantage of is the use of peer-reviewed materials. Using these will help me save time and focus on the really good material instead of material that may not have been written by a reliable source. Here are some ways that I have utilized my research to help motivate my students to be more successful in middle school allowing me to become a better educator and one who can help others to motivate their students. Motivating Minority Students I selected three topics interest that I felt would help me to achieve my goal of learning more about how to work successfully with different types of students. My topics are 1) Inclusion of Special Education Students in Regular Education Classes, 2) Motivating Minority Students, and 3) Working with ESOL Learners. I chose Motivating Minority Students because my school already has many different minorities. I feel that if I can find new ideas and tools that would motivate them, then the success that they feel would improve the school year for them. I am pursuing an Educational Specialist degree in Teaching andShow MoreRelatedLeadership, Transformational Leader And Leader Member Exchange Theory958 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome one, type of leader, transformational leader and the leader member exchange theory. The traits need to become a leader are to have drive, motivated to lead, honest, self-confidence, cognitive ability and know the business. Gigi has show n drive and cognitive ability when she kept going to school and finishing all the degrees and taking the state boards. She knows to what extent to be honest about and has self-confidence to get the job done. She knows the business because of work from the past andRead MoreMentoring Paper1131 Words   |  5 Pagesthe front line supervisors. I first feel a mentor is a good coach that is able to teach a specific skill to others no matter what their background knowledge is in the area. Also I feel a good mentor must challenge the mentoree and take them out of their comfort zone. In designing a mentoring program my main focuses would be make everyone familiar with the organizations norms and culture, the mentor must show the mentoree the company culture, the mentor must demonstrate honesty, integrity, respectRead MoreLeadership Qualities Of The Admired Leader860 Words   |  4 PagesThe Admired Leader In this paper, a leader that is admired by many will be analyzed, and identify leadership characteristics. In the paper, Leadership qualities will be discussed that contributed to his or her success. The student’s leadership style will be evaluated and explained. Express the ideas and thoughts of how to improve the effectiveness as a leader, and discuss the work with a mentor. Charismatic Leader President Ronald Reagan a Military Officer, an actor, and the Governor of CaliforniaRead MoreWhy Mentoring Matters So Much Essay736 Words   |  3 Pagesknee injuries that ended his football career. He graduated from Morgan State University with a Bachelors of Arts in Social Work. After graduation, he joined the Army and served as a Lieutenant. He spent six years in the Army and rose up to the position of Captain. After the Army, Harper participated in the Executive Leadership Training program at Harvard University. Before becoming the president of INROADS, Harper worked at Pfizer for twenty-eight years. He started as a pharmaceutical sales representativeRead MoreThe How s And Why s Of Teaching With Courage1315 Words   |  6 Pagesthe balance between risk and reward when teaching others. The purpose of this paper is to illuminate the challenges educators face, as well as inspiring leaders to mentor young students in the community. With the influx amount of competition in the workf orce, students must aim towards becoming diverse individuals to be successful. Therefore, mentors must set a great example for adolescents and pass on the insight that they too acquired along the way. Developing The Courage to Teach PastRead MoreThe Following Seven Key Lessons Are To Help Any Beginner1618 Words   |  7 Pagestackle it without any guidance. This book will focus on seven key lessons to becoming a successful entrepreneur as well as examples of entrepreneurs that have become successful either following these methods or creating their own pathway through the battle of entrepreneurship. To become and entrepreneur there are the lessons, the theories, the playbook that exists for entrepreneurs to help them succeed, but the ones who really thrive are the ones that will be taken about in the following pages. TheseRead MoreThe Origins Of The Term Coaching1244 Words   |  5 Pagesanother. These wheeled vehicles were called â€Å"Kotsche†, meaning a transportation vehicle to help people go from one place to another. The â€Å"coaching† term was used officially for the first time by a professor at Oxford University to describe a tutor who was referred to as a student ‘carrier’. Today, coaching is defined as a method used for driving, instructing, and training individuals or groups in order to achieve a goal and objective. Coaching has existed since the emergence of human beings. SinceRead MoreLeaders Are Born Or Made?801 Words   |  4 PagesThe question of whether leaders are born or made, is one that has been asked just as much as which came first, the chicken or the egg. It is a question, which all of us ponder through our own journey in leadership. For most of us, becoming an effective leader is hard and daunting work. Some of us grow up wanting to be leaders, while others sort of just fall into leadership, without really realizing when or how they became leaders. For some, leadership begins at an early age, perhaps during childhoodRead MoreModule 7 : Leadership Development1528 Words   |  7 PagesMODULE 7: LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT Leader development and leadership development is important from both a personal and an organizational aspect. (Hackman Johnson, 2013) states that, â€Å"Leader development promotes personal growth† and â€Å"Leadership development promotes organizational growth†. Leader development is an ongoing process that continues throughout life. Because leadership skills can be learned and/or developed, as you take on different leadership roles and other leadership opportunitiesRead MoreThe Goals And Motivating And Leading Employees1089 Words   |  5 Pages English novelist, Thomas Hardy, said, â€Å"Good business leaders create a vision, articulate the vision, passionately own the vision, and relentlessly drive it to completion† (quotesgram.com). The organization I currently work for has placed a career path ahead of me filled with great personal and professional opportunity, however it will be a new road for me with a steep learning curve. The article, Social Organ izations by Robert Prodanciuc highlights bureaucracy and organizational development, leadership

Consumer Attitude Toward Green Marketing Free Essays

string(24) " has just kick started\." LITERATURE REVIEW Some literatures were reviewed in the course of this study. These include the previous researches which are as: 1. Sourabh Bhattacharya (2011) conducted research on â€Å"Consumer Attitude Towards Green Marketing In India†. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Attitude Toward Green Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to him, Marketing is the process which begins with identifying the needs of the consumer and further includes product development, delivering products to the consumer and providing after sales service. The conventional marketing process is not specifically concerned or bothered about environmental safety. The contemporary green marketing concept, on the other hand, analyzes, ecological compatibility of the product. It emphasizes on the formulation of marketing strategies in conformation with environmental safety or protection. Conventional marketing paid little attention to the pollution caused to the environment from the actual usage of the products, the raw materials used in manufacturing or from the packaging materials used. Conventional marketing concentrated on profit taking, while green marketing maintains the philosophy that doing business for a longer period is not possible without protecting the environmental. He concluded that the green marketers in India should carry out heavy promotional campaigns, because a majority of the Indian consumers are not sure about the quality of the green products. They are indecisive whether to pay premium for purchasing green products. They are highly suspicious regarding the real greenness of the eco-friendly products and tend to search for more information before buying. All these have a negative impact on the success of green marketing in India. Therefore, the green marketers must do heavy promotion, so that the target customers are convinced about the qualitative aspects of the green products. This is very important as the Indian consumers are in general price-sensitive and green products are costlier. If they are not convinced with the quality of the green products, they remain suspicious and will not be willing to pay premium. 2. Meenakshi Verma Anuj Verma (2011) conducted research on â€Å"Green Marketing-Strategy Scope Of Growth In Indian Market†, According to him, Green marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to be environ mentally safe. Thus green marketing incorporates a broad range of activities, including product modification, changes to the production rocess, packaging changes, as well as modifying advertising. Green products balance environmental compatibility with performance, affordability, and convenience. They are typically durable, non-toxic, recyclable, and are often made from recycled materials. Green products have minimal packaging, and should carry low environmental impact. Green marketing not only focuses on advertisements and promotion of products with environmental characteristics, but it pervades all the activities of designing, production, packaging and promoting greener products. Green marketing thrives of the underlying philosophy ‘Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. It was concluded that as the demand for green products undoubtedly exist in growing economies, Green marketing provides an opportunity to the companies to increase their market-share by introducing eco-friendly products. Stricter environmental regulations across the world, growing consumer preference for eco-friendly companies, and the inherent cost advantages in lowering toxic waste are encouraging industries big and small to clean up. The research has revealed that awareness level among the consumers is pretty high and they are willing to adopt green products. However, the manufacturers need to improve the quality of the product and its after sales service. The consumers are concerned about the global warming and majority of them believe that green products shall help in reducing this cause however they are not overly committed to improving their environment and may be looking to lay too much responsibility on industry and government. Though it’s the responsibility of the firm to produce products, which are having minimum impact on the environment, but ultimately it’s the consumer who is having responsibility to use eco-friendly products. 3. Dr. Priyank Azad (2011) wrote an article â€Å"Green Marketing: The Innovative Mantra of Marketing†. This article discusses the notion of green marketing, its initiatives, challenges and probable strategies as conclusion. The mounting awareness about/on disturbed ecological balance and environmental consciousness has changed the behavioral patterns both in the individuals and business across the world. The apprehension towards global warming, harmful pollutants, non-biodegradable sold waste has sharply risen in the past decade. Now is the time of recyclable, non-toxic and environment-friendly green products that can help in preserving our nvironment and keeping it healthier. This has led the marketers to take a shift in practices and incorporates the concept of ‘Think Green’. The term ‘sustainability’ has become the keyword of this competitive era. As the resources are scarce and human wants are infinite, this broadening gap has augmented the interest amo ng the consumers all over the world regarding fortification of environment. This increasing awareness and environmental consciousness has transformed the behavioral blueprints both in individuals and businesses. Now there is an era of recyclable, non-toxic and environment responsive green goods. This led to green marketing which speaks of mounting market for sustainable and socially accountable products and services. It contains a wide range of tasks such as product adjustment, transforming the production process, changed advertising, modifications in packaging, etc. , that aims at reducing the harmful impact of products and their consumption and disposal on the environment. Despite this world awareness, there are numerous potential challenges and issues that are required to be surmounted. . Andrew Franklin Prince, Reuban Jacob and Jerrin M Philipose (2011) conducted a study on â€Å"Green Marketing: Recaliberation and Disposal of Exhausted Product Earns for Itself†. In this era of technologically-advanced educated world, products developed considering ecological aspects have more mileage than the regular products. Consumers’ awareness of proper disposal of exhausted products i s need of the hour. The products demanded by the customers could be recaliberated to be used further as homogeneous or differentiated products. Meanwhile, the products which cross the bar of recaliberation could be disposed by the manufacturer. However, product disposal, is yet to find a prominent ground in India. The culture of corporate organizations trying to bag the sensible customers by providing the right kind of product with a tag line of ‘eco-friendly’, has just kick started. You read "Consumer Attitude Toward Green Marketing" in category "Essay examples" At this juncture one may think, is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) a good initiative only in papers? It was concluded that the strategy could bring revelation in the market. It is high time that we emphasize on the concept that â€Å"marketing begins and ends with manufacturer†. This however would need the background support of customers as well as policy makers for the effective implementation of the strategy. The flow of demand is expected to develop the customers’ buying preference for particular manufacturers who are following this strategy. Brand building effort could also be practiced to the maximum. The era of green market could be enhanced to the utmost. The waste in the Mother Nature will be minimized in the coming era, which shall provide better products for the better customers. Thus, providing recaliberation and disposal will earn itself for the company. 5. Deeksha Dave Kartik Dave (2011) conducted a study on â€Å"Environmental Management Practices In The Hospitality Industry†. With their massive resource consumption and waste generation, big hotels quite literall function and pollute like a mini city. Hotels consume resources like energy, water, food, paper and pollute the environment in the form of smoke, noise and chemical pollutants. Keeping the above issues in view, the industry has come forward to save the environment and is playing a major role in environment protection by developing awareness and adopting environmental friendly practices. Since hotels occupy a central place in the tourism industry and its development does impact the environment considerably, it is believed that hotels should be more proactive in their managerial response concerning environmental performance. Keeping this in mind the study explores the environmental management practices among hotels operating in Udaipur. The results have shown that although hotel companies are concerned with environmental management issues, many are not proactive enough in their responses and prefer to only take management initiatives that have considerable financial benefits for their business. Focus has been mainly on cost-cutting management measures such as minimizing energy use and water conservation as this contributes directly towards a hotel’s profitability. 6. Dr. Ashish Chandra, Anoop Pandey and Navneet Kaur(2010) conducted a research on â€Å"Green Marketing: A tool to combat Environmental Challenges†. In this paper, the authors had taken a little attempt to academically examine environmental and green marketing issues and gray areas. This article introduces the terms and concepts of green marketing, briefly discuss why going green is important and also examine some of the reasons that organizatios are adopting a green marketing philosophy. He concluded that a successful marketer is one, who not only convinces the consumer, but also involves the consumer in marketing his products and delivering the services. Green marketing should not be considered as just one more approach to marketing, but has to be pursued with much greater vigor, as it has an environmental and social dimension to it. With the threat of global warming looming large, it is extremely important that green marketing becomes the norm rather than an exception or just a fad. Recycling of paper, metals, plastics, etc. , in a safe and environmentally harmless manner should become much more systematized and universal. It has to become the general norm to use energy-efficient lamps and other electrical goods. 7. Sunita Dahiya, Dr. Amita Charan Vijay Kumar (2010) conducted a research on â€Å"Green Marketing, Emission Trading and Carbon Crediting In India†. Changing trade pattern, global recession, financial crisis, stock fluctuations, corporate governance, corporate laws, and many other upcoming global challenges are truly difficult to manage for corporate, environmentalists, economists, experts, manufacturers and even administrators at the top. Ecologists, economists and financial planners are continuously debating for global sustainable development and steady economic growth. Most of the intellectuals and eminent personalities are releasing it is a right time to become â€Å"Globally Green† and protect environment by reducing pollution and emission. It was concluded that green marketing covers more issues than a firm’s marketing practices only. Green marketing is a requirement for our survival on this earth. India can set standards for others to lead in the area of carbon crediting and trading. From decades we are exploiting natural resources but now because of natural calamities: like global warming, Acidic rains, Tsunami, Earthquakes, floods, Drought and green house gases, we are realizing importance of green marketing. Globally there are number of environmental trading markets as have been explained above which provide for balance in period of environment and effect corporate competitiveness and profitability in terms of standards and final finished products. 8. Oyewole, P. (2001). Social Costs of Environmental Justice Associated with the Practice of Green Marketing. Journal of Business Ethics, 29(3), Feb, pp. 239-252. This paper presents a conceptual link among green marketing, environmental justice, and industrial ecology. It argues for greater awareness of environmental justice in the practice for green marketing. In contrast with the type of costs commonly discussed in the literature, the paper identified another type of costs, termed ‘costs with positive results,’ that may be associated with the presence of environmental justice in green marketing. A research agenda is finally suggested to determine consumers’ awareness of environmental justice, and their willingness to bear the costs associated with it. 9. Merilanen, S. , Moisander, J. Personen, S. (2000). The Masculine Mindset of Environmental Management and Green Marketing. Business Strategy and the Environment, 9(3), pp. 51-162. Environmental management systems and green marketing programmes have gained increasing popularity in western market economies. They are viewed as cost-efficient, effective and just means of tackling problems associated with the impact of economic activity on the environment. It is argued in this article, however, that these optimistic views are based on a number of ideas, images and metaphors that retain many androcentric and inadequate assumptions about self, society and nature that may be incompatible with long-term environmental protection goals. 0. Prothero, A. Fitchett, J. A. (2000). Greening Capitalism: Opportunities for Green Community. Journal of Macromarketing, 20(1), pp. 46-56. In this paper, the authors argue that greater ecological enlightenment can be secured through capitalism by using the characteristics of commodity culture to further progress environmental goals. The authors reject both naive ecological romanticism and revolutionary idealism on the grounds that they fail to offer any pragmatic basis by which greater environmental responsibility can be achieved. Drawing on the now well-established theoretical tradition of post-Marxist cultural criticism, the authors offer a conceptual justification for the development and implementation of a green commodity discourse. For this to be achieved and implemented, prevailing paradigms regarding the structure, nature, and characteristics of capitalism must be revised. Marketing not only has the potential to contribute to the establishment of more sustainable forms of society but, as a principle agent in the operation and proliferation of commodity discourse, also has a considerable responsibility to do so. 11. Prothero, A. (1998). Green Marketing: The ‘Fad’ That Won’t Slip Slide Away. Journal of Marketing Management, 14(6), July, pp. 507-513. The author introduces several papers discussed in the July 1998 issue of ‘Journal of Marketing Management’ focusing on green marketing. This includes; a citation of the need to review existing literature on green marketing, an empirical study of United States and Australian marketing managers, a description of what a green alliance look like in practice in Great Britain, ecotourism and definitions of green marketing. 12. Kilbourne, W. E. Beckman, S. C. (1998). Review and Critical Assessment of Research on Marketing and the Environment. Journal of Marketing Management, 14(6), July, pp. 513-533. This paper provides a review and categorization of the environmentally related research published in the major English language marketing journals over the period from 1971 to 1997. It traces the development from the early research which focused predominantly on the characterization of the â€Å"green† consumer, conceptualization of environmental consciousness, environmentally related behaviours such as recycling, and attitudes towards environmental problems such as pollution. This was followed by a period in which energy conservation, legislation, and public policy issues were added to the agenda which remained predominantly managerialist in perspective. While the same issues were studied within the 1990s, the research agenda was expanded again to include broader issues such as environmental values and institutions. Most recently, the macro issues of sustainable marketing and its relationship to the dominant social paradigm have been introduced into the literature. The paper concludes by arguing that the examination of the macro issues from an interdisciplinary perspective is necessary for further development of marketing thought in this area, and that a synthesis of the macro and micro perspectives is necessary for effective and enduring public policy regarding the marketing/environmental relationship. 13. Walker, R. H. Hanson, D. J. (1998). Green Marketing and Green Places: A Taxonomy for the Destination Marketer. Journal of Marketing Management, 14(6), July, pp. 623-640. This paper highlights and discusses green/environmental implications and imperatives associated with destination marketing as distinct from those related to product and services marketing. A comparative taxonomy has been developed to illustrate these, and to provide a framework for discussing their relevance, with reference to the particular case of Tasmania as a tourism destination. \ 14. Kilbourne, W. E. (1998). Green Marketing: A Theoretical Perspective. Journal of Marketing Management, 14(6), July, pp. 641-656. The author discusses the failure of green marketing to move beyond the limitations of the prevailing paradigm. While there are nascent macro developments in marketing thought that might lead to a truly green marketing considering sustainability, holistic thought, and the limitations of the prevailing paradigm, they remain thus far on the periphery of the discipline. This will remain so until a broader, multi-disciplinary approach incorporating the multiple dimensions of the DSP is developed. The author identifies areas that must be examined for their effect in the marketing/environment relationship, namely economic, political and technological dimensions of the cultural frame of reference. 5. .Fisk, G. (1998). Green Marketing: Multiplier for Appropriate Technology Transfer? Journal of Marketing Management, 14(6), July, pp. 657-677. The effectiveness of â€Å"reward and reinforcement† strategy used in marketing activity is compared to a strategy of â€Å"mutual coercion mutually agreed upon† as a means for accelerating acceptance of environmentally appropriate production and cons umption technologies. The risk and reward consequences of green marketing tactics are traced to identify their implications in pursuing globally sustainable development. Together, reward and reinforcement strategies and coercive regulatory activities are more promising for attaining sustainable development than either one alone. 16. Grove, S. J. Fisk, R. P. (1996). Going green in the Service Sector. European Journal of Marketing, 30(5), pp. 56-67. The authors attempted to bring attention to the general and pervasive exclusion of service industries from discussions of green marketing practices. They explore why circumstance may exist, and provided arguments to support the adoption of environmental practices by services providers. Also in trying to identify how the service sector can contribute to the preservation of the environment, a greening of services matrix was presented. This matrix was designed to demonstrate through hypothetical examples the many ways that service industries can reduce, reuse or recycle resources, either collectively or individually, and thereby embrace the green initiative. Finally, the authors submitted a total quality/ benchmarking approach as a means by which services organizations may adopt environmental practices. 17. Menon and Menon (1997) Green marketing is a phenomenon which has developed particular import in the modern market. This concept has enabled for the re-marketing and packaging of existing products which already adhere to such guidelines. Additionally, the development of green marketing has opened the door of opportunity for companies to co-brand their products into separate line, lauding the green-friendliness of some while ignoring that of others. Such marketing techniques as will be explained are as a direct result of movement in the minds of the consumer market. As a result of this businesses have increased their rate of targeting consumers who are concerned about the environment. These same consumers through their concern are interested in integrating environmental issues into their purchasing decisions through their incorporation into the process and content of the marketing strategy for whatever product may be required. 18. Banerjee, S. , Gulas, C. S. and Iyer E. (1995). Shades of green: A multidimensional analysis of environmental advertising. Journal of Advertising, 24(2), 21-32. This paper discusses how businesses have increased their rate of targeting green consumers, those who are concerned about the environment and allow it to affect their purchasing decisions. The paper identifies the three particular segments of green consumers and explores the opportunities businesses have with green marketing. The paper also examines the message of green marketing and describes the deceit of ‘green washing’. The paper considers three green campaigns of the New Leaf Paper Company, the Courier Corporation and Clorox bleach and concludes that green marketing is something that will continuously grow in both practice and demand. How to cite Consumer Attitude Toward Green Marketing, Essay examples

Discussion on Infectious Diseases-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Infectious Diseases. Answer: Influenza Africa Nigeria and South Africa have a high prevalence, with an incident rate of 234 and 158 per 100000 cases respectively. America Bezile and Jamaica are the high prevalent countries with a rate of 68 and 584 per 10000 cases. South East Asia Singapore and Malaysia have been estimated to have high respiratory tract infection related to influenza. Europe UK has a high prevalence rate, though less than other regions, the average of 600 people a year die from complications of flu. East Mediterranean Yemen and Afghanistan have highest incident rate with 352 and 98 per 100000 cases. West pacific Thailand and Philippines (incidence rate 90 per 100000) has contentious high prevalence. Measles Africa West Africa has reported significant number of measles cases every year. South Africa also has a high prevalence rate. The outbreak in Nigeria killed over 40 children. America The US experienced 667 cases of measles in 2014. Another large outbreak was noted in Canada during 2011, with 776 cases reported. South East Asia Pakistan reported increasing cases of the disease, claiming hundreds of lives. Europe Ukraine reported 13517 cases in 2012 and 2015, more than 1700 cases in Germany have been reported. France and Portugal have also reported high prevalence. East Mediterranean High incidence found in Pakistan and Somalia during 2010 to 2012 period with 16,753 cases and 27,281 cases respectively. West pacific In 2014, Philippines reported a large outbreak with 21403 confirmed cases. Meningitis Africa In 2017, Nigeria reported 1407 total cases, with 211 deaths. America In US meningitis affects approx 4000 people per year. South East Asia The highest incident has been found in Thailand with 24.6 per 100000 people. Europe Among European countries, in 2012, the rate of meningitis is high in Lithuania, followed by UK. East Mediterranean Egypt has a high prevalence of meningitis. West pacific The incident rate in Fiji was 9.9 per 100000 under five years old, with 36 % mortality. Pertussis America In 2014, US reported 32000 cases of pertussis. South East Asia Thailand has shown a significantly high prevalence of pertussis cases. Europe Norway had the highest prevalence of 59.4 cases per 100000 people. Germany reported 12339 cases in 2014, especially in infants and children. East Mediterranean Among Pakistani infants, the rate of the disease was 3.96 per 1000 infants, showing significant prevalence. West pacific In Papua New Guinea, a large outbreak was reported in 2011, with 70000 clinically suspected cases reported. Gastro infections Africa Ghana and Nigeria have the highest prevalence among other countries. America 60 to 70 million people are affected by gastro infections in the US, per year. South East Asia India and China are most prevalent in tropical gastro infections. Europe In UK, gastro infections affect 1 in 5 people every year. East Mediterranean Pakistan and Afghanistan showed the significant prevalence of gastro infections in school children. West pacific The Philippines have a high prevalence rate of gastro infections. Malaria Africa Uganda and Ghana reported having high rate with 10.3 million and 8.8 million cases in 2000- 2015. America In the US, malaria rate was 1925 reported in 2011. South East Asia 70 % malaria cases in this region are from India, with fatal consequences. Europe Europe has made malaria free in 2015. East Mediterranean Pakistan has a rate of 4.3millions cases reported in 2000-2015. Dengue Africa During 2013-14, a large outbreak has been reported in Kenyan coast during 2013-14 periods, with 352 cases in Mombasa only. In addition, Angola is another country, which has been reported in 2013. America U.S. and Caribbean have been showing high dengue incidents since past two decades. In Caribbean, the severe dengue cases, DHF has been fund high. South East Asia Thailand has been showing a high prevalence of dengue, since 1978. Its capital Bangkok has reported more than 8000 cases in 2016. In Malaysia also, dengue deaths have tripled within the period of 2012-13. Europe A large outbreak has been reported with more than 2100 cases in 2012, in Portugal. Among European countries, Spain is also having a high prevalence of dengue. East Mediterranean During 2015-16 periods, high prevalence has been reported in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Although Pakistan reports significant numbers of dengue cases constantly, the other two countries are increasing the rate. West pacific In the period of 2010-2012, more than 1000 cases were reported from Cambodia, Philippines, Malaysia and Singapore, indicating these most prevalent countries. Zika virus Africa Cape Verde reported more than 1000 reported cases in 2015. Nigeria has been reported to be the high-risk zone for Zika infection, due to lack of resources. America Brazil witnessed the rapid spread of Zika outbreak in May 2015. It was 170000 cases during mid-2016 in South American countries. South East Asia Thailand has been hit worst during the 2012-14 period. Singapore and Thailand have been affected most after 2016 outbreak of Zika in Southeast Asia. Europe During 2016, France has the highest incidence, with 1133 cases, followed by Spain with 294 cases and UK with 179 cases. East Mediterranean Pakistan, Lebanon and Egypt have high risk of Zika outbreak, due to high prevalence mosquito-borne other diseases. West pacific Thailand is the country with highest Zika prevalence among South East Asia, followed by the Philippines, Vietnam and Indonesia. Chikungunya Africa During the current year, 177 cases were reported, of which 53 were from Somalia and rest were from Mandera, indicating high prevalence. America In 2015, US had the highest prevalence of the disease with 896 total cases reported. In addition, Colombia also has issued alerted for expanding epidemic. South East Asia India and Malaysia are the countries with high chikungunya prevalence along with dengue, as the vectors are same. Europe In 2014, the highest number of cases reported in France, i.e. 550, followed by UK with 301 cases. East Mediterranean During 2011 outbreak, Yemen had an outbreak of chikungunya. However, others regions have not been reported such outbreak. West pacific Papua New Guinea reported an outbreak in 2012 along with an outbreak in Indonesia in 2012 to 2014 period. Bibliography Datta, S. S., Toikilik, S., Ropa, B., Chidlow, G., Lagani, W. (2012). Pertussis outbreak in Papua New Guinea: the challenges of response in a remote geo-topographical setting.Western Pacific surveillance and response journal: WPSAR,3(4), 3. Roth, A., Mercier, A., Lepers, C., Hoy, D., Duituturaga, S., Benyon, E., Souars, Y. (2014). Concurrent outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya and zika virus infections An unprecedented epidemic wave of mosquito-borne viruses in the Pacific 20122014. Eurosurveillance, 19(41). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.41.20929 WHO. (2014). Projections of mortality and burden of disease, 2004-2030. WHO. WHO. (2016). Burden of disease?: DALYs. The Global Burden of Disease: 2016 Update, 4051.

Sociological issues in schools

Introduction Today’s society is too dynamic due to increased technological advancement. This has called for all societies of the world to give their young people the most relevant education and training to make the fit in the modern world. Despite all this efforts various sociological issues affecting education have continued to make it very hard for the children of the world to have a bright future.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sociological issues in schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Here we are going to look at various issues, the problems which they pose in the teaching fraternity and also the impacts which they can bring in the course of trying to improve such pathetic conditions. Some of these issues will involve the interest of teachers in teaching, different ways of teaching, student life in school and at home, social challenge in school, dealing with exceptionally gifted and tale nted learners, the multicultural issues and his try of education and finally the financing and governing American schools. Interest of teachers in teaching The interest of teachers in teaching is quite unquestionable. This is clearly evidenced by the fact that a lot of people are quitting their jobs to switch to teaching profession and also by the fact that a lot of teachers have strong passion for what they does best and that is teaching. Despite all this obvious fact a lot of teachers are highly demoralized by low salaries associated with teaching profession and a lot of them opt to go for greener pastures in the event such opportunities arise on their way. Thus it can be said that a lot of people usually join the teaching profession in the events of economic hard times and the economic meltdown. A lot of societies have tried in making efforts to harmonize the salaries of teachers with those of other people in public service and also in private sector but this has not materialized fully to the levels which are satisfactory to teachers thus it has been very hard to retain and attract teachers in training profession. These facts have created a lot of problems in the teaching fraternity and thus leading to poor education. Different ways of learning There are various ways of learning which vary deeply from one learner to another. This has called for the teachers to undertake extra tasks by analyzing and evaluating the individual learners in order to cater for their individual needs. Firstly, one of the ways of learning is categorized as the convergers. Here the learners’ following in this category are highly associated with abstract conceiving and a lot of experimentation of ideals, use of inferences from general principles to base their logic to solve problems and also good application of ideas.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, we also ha ve another category called divergers (Aurtus, 2010, p. 1). The learners who follow in this category are characterized with perceiving things by use of their senses, good imaginative aspects and thus they easily come up with constructive ideas and finally they are associated with viewing things in different perspectives. Thirdly, the other category of ways of learning is assimilators. Those learners who follow in this category are associated with abstract conceiving of things, keenly reflecting on all their observations and they are also able to formulate theoretical models by means of inductive logic. Finally, the other way of learning can be categorized as accommodators. Here the learners are associated with using concrete experience and also being involved actively in experimentation. These learners also involve themselves so much in doing things as opposed to reading and studying them (Spiller, 2007, p. 1). It is very clear that it is not an easy task for teachers to perform and at the same time perfect in class work due to the fact there is acute shortage of teachers in our society and thus this will lead to poor quality in education. Life of student at school and at home The students’ lives at school and at home are a bit different. This is because learners when they are in school they are guided by already set programs, rules and regulations unlike when they are at home where they the control on their time management. At home the student can be involved with doing what they love with minimal interference of their parents and guardians. This freedom which the learners are granted at home can lead to a lot of problems especially when it is misused by learners thus impacting negatively academically. Social challenges at school There are several social challenges which have continued to dominate in schools fraternity. The most challenging social issue is the one resulting from racism. Here the black students feel so insecure when they are among their white peers and this has explained why most parents have continued to bleach their children to have light skins so that they can feel comfortable at school. The other issue is that of religion whereby the learners are limited in ways of expressing their religious affiliations (â€Å"Science News†, 2010, p. 1). Exceptionally gifted and talented learners The exceptionally gifted and talented learners pose a great challenge to teachers. This is because if one fails to identify them and give them challenging tasks they will feel bored and they may end up dropping from school. There are also learners who are exceptionally gifted in other fields other than academics and thus teacher needs to identify them early otherwise their talents will go to waste. This requires greater funding to establish the facilities for extracurricular activities which may not be adequate (Heller, 2004, p. 13). Multicultural issues and his try of education The multiculticutural issues and the try of educa tion are very important in formulating the educational policies. Here teachers are dealing with students from different cultures and need to be very sensitive in matters pertaining cultures. Also the mother countries of these students have different his try in matters of education thus the need to harmonize the histories of different countries of the world.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sociological issues in schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Financing and governing American schools The financing and governing of American schools is a very interesting subject because the federal government has very little say on the education. Some funding usually comes from the federal government but it is too insignificant. In most cases education in public sector is governed and given financial support by the individual states with the help from local government and also school districts. The department of e ducation usually has some authority but most power regarding schooling rests with the individual states (Fullinwider, 2007, p. 57). This has resulted in lack of equity among the states. Conclusion It is very clear that for educational system to be effective all sociological issues are supposed to be properly addressed. This is because these issues have caused greater disparities in education in different states. If all these issues are not given proper attention then the quality of education offered to the young ones will not be adequate for the to fit in this modern world. Reference List Aurtus, R. (2010). How to study- The Different Ways of Learning. Web. Fullinwider, R. (1996). Public Education in a Multicultural Society. New York. Barnes Noble. Heller, K. (2004). Identification of Gifted and Talented Students. Web. Science News. (2010). Youth’s Social Problems Contribute to Anxiety and Depression. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Spiller, M. (2007). The five ways of learning. Web. This research paper on Sociological issues in schools was written and submitted by user Callum Dejesus to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Digestive Systems Essays - Digestive System, Digestion, Ruminant

The Digestive Systems Essays - Digestive System, Digestion, Ruminant The Digestive Systems The digestive systems works on nutrients taken from the environment, breaking them down into simpler products, and then absorbing the products together with water and salts so they can be used in metabolism. The individuals of all species contain many different protiens or carbohydrates in the cell walls of bacteria, chitin in the external skeletons of arthropods, and so on and foreign proteins or carbohydrates are rarely incorporated unchanged. They are usually first broken down to their constituents before being built up again as the proteins or carbohydrates belonging to the organism. In such organisms that are not cellular as amoebae, digestion occurs inside the cell. Intracelular digestion is also found in some higher animals such as mussels and sponges. Muscles, for instance, filter algae and other tiny organisms from the water and digest them within the cells of a special digestive gland. Intracellular digestion occurs even in some animals that consume large pieces of food; the prey captured by Hydra, for example, is partly digested in the coelenteron, a gut-like cavity, and the residue is completely digested in cells of the body wall. Scientists believe that intracellular digestion in organisms such as Hydra has evolved from such protozoans as amoebae and paramecia. In most higher animals digestion is completed not in the cell in the cavity of a digestive tract (the stomach and intestine). Animals with this type of digestion include crustaceans, insects, cephalopods, tunicates, and all vertebrates. A few animals with digestive tracts also partially digest their food before eating it. Some spiders, for example, pierce their prey with fangs that pump digestive fluids into the victim. This liquefies the softer parts, which the spider then sucks into its stomach and intestine, where digestion is completed. DIGESTIVE ENZYMES In digestion large molecules are split into smaller ones by enzyme hydrolosis, so named because water is taken up in the process. The enzymes that hydrolyze proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are called, respectively, proteases, lipases, and carbohydrases, or amylases. Some insects, birds, and herbivorous animals can digest substances that most other animals cannot. The clothes moth digests hair and wool, termite digests wood; and herbivores digest the big, fibrous cellulose of plants that is completely indigestible to other animals. However, none of these unusual organisms produce the needed digestive enzymes, which are furnished instead by bacteria or protozoans, harbored in special parts of the digestive tract. Each termite species, for example, carries protozoans peculiar to it that attack wood and change it into dihestible substances. The newborn termite is infected with its digestive aids by feeding from older termites. Eat as they may, they will die of starvation if isolated before this infection occurs. Herbivorous mollusks like the snail produce their own cellulose- digesting enzymes, as does the shipworm, a wood-boring mollusk. No vertebrate produces cellulose-digesting cellulases. Thus, the initial stages of digestion in the cow and other ruminants are carried out by enzymes secreted by bacteria in the rumen, a large sac that precedes the true stomach. Plant fiber enters the rumen, is attacked by the bacterial enzymes, and is then returned to the mouth for further chewing; the food so returned is called the cud. This chewing increases the surface area exposed to the bacteria. The presence of digestive bacteria in ruminants results in a specialized metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates. Most of the ruminant's protein needs are actually supplied by the rumen bacteria, which use such simple substances as urea and inorganic sulfates to manufacture proteins. Ruminants digest that protein and do not require in their diets certain amino acids (the basic building blocks of proteins) that are indispensable in the diets of other animals. All kinds of organic materials can be digested and used by organisms. Most of the digestion products, however, are the same: simple sugars from the hydrolysis of carbohydrates; fatty acids from the hydrolysis of fats; and amino acids from proteins. These substances yield the energy and body-building material needed by conventional animals. THE GUT In amoebae a vacuole serves the same purpose as the intestine, or gut, in the higher animals. Some parasites need no gut but absorb material from the host through their external surfaces. Organisms below the evolutionary level of the flatworms have a single gut opening that connects with the

Boundary-Less Career Concept and Implications for the Career Essay

Boundary-Less Career Concept and Implications for the Career Development - Essay Example As a business student, researcher feels that the world of business offers me exciting opportunities. What he really means by the boundary-less career regimes lies in the fact that business is on the upward move. It is always growing and expanding and not being stagnant at any point in time. For the author to look up to the future and visualize himself standing with the top management gurus, he feels pride in stating that he can relate to what they do, work and feel like. The author can relate to their respective concepts of career development and the manner in which they have taken an upward growth path. He believes that he can always contribute in a better manner towards the society if he works in a business organization because this is something that comes from within – it is naturally inclined to the researcher to act, think and feel business-mindedly. The implications that stand in the way of the author’s career development include his understanding related with the niche segments of the business and comprehension which he can attain in the wake of finding out more and more as to what exactly is happening in the local terrains and on the global front. The boundaryless career concept of business offers the researcher a range of options to start with. He could look at the retailing side of the business where channel members could mean significance for his trade. The author could look at the middle management regimes and thus present himself in line with the changing market dynamics. The researcher can offer his services in the client relationship side which offers him to interact with all sorts of customers and clients and thus open his sense of understanding with different people almost on a daily basis. The author could opt for the sales management areas and thus expand my sales vision as well as the manner under which he could get to know what is happening at the wholesalers’ ends and as to how the different chain levels interact with each other whilst setting their own standards along the line.

Goldman Sachs Financial Data Analysis Assignment

Goldman Sachs Financial Data Analysis - Assignment Example The company was founded in the year 1869 and has its headquarter in New York, but maintains subsidiary offices in the major financial centers globally. Over time, the firm has been largely recognized as among the best premier investment banks globally. The corporation linked itself to the New York Stock Exchange in the year 1896 from which it has been able to trade successfully its shares. As a result of this, its capital in 1898 stood at $1.6 milion and has since grown rapidly. Furthermore, the firm started issuing the IPOs in the year 1906 upon taking over Sears, Roebuck and Company. This is a deal mainly attributed to the personal friendship between Henry Goldman and Julius Rosenwald, who was the owner of the frim. Largely, the company reports its business in four main business segments namely, investment banking, investing and lending, institutional services, and investment management. In investment banking, the range of services that are offered targets a diverse group including financial institutions, governments, corporations, and investment funds. In this, it mainly provides services related to the strategic advisory that entails forms of acquisitions, mergers, divestitures, and risk management. With regard to institutional services, the firm facilitates the transactions done by clients in relation to making the markets in equity, fixed income, commodity products and currency attainable for the clients. This is supported by the act of making markets clear for the clients, as well as clearing transactions on major stocks, futures and options for clients through the provision of prime brokerage, financial and securities lending services. In investing and lending, the company invests and originates loans for the provision of financing to its clients that are long term in nature. Subsequently, the firm makes

Change and Development in the English Language111 Essay

Change and Development in the English Language111 - Essay Example Pyles, Thomas and John Algeo, gave an example that the rule of pronouncing the letter "r". The concept of linking "r" which is used in British accent and it made difficult for the Americans to interpret certain words. This is a wide gap that made problem for the correspondence of the established and current English. 3. Elision: Due to less stress for words or letter the sound is omitted while pronouncing. As per Pyles, Thomas and John Algeo there are two types, in omitting the sounds either at the start or at the end of a word and it is called as aphesis and apocope respectively. 3. The History: The history of English language also is a cause for the diversity involved in the language. The English language is constructed from Greek and Latin. The people from different places took place in the event of the spreading of English language. And so there is a clear difference between the modern and established English. 4. Spellings and Pronunciation Variation: "The traditional words like bade are being transformed into bed" ( Pyles, Thomas and John Algeo, ch 3, pg 52). This is because of the adjustment made between the pronunciation and spelling. Hence pronunciation gap between the modern and traditional language.

Role of the State in Economic Development

Role of the State in Economic Development In this chapter will seek to throw light on some keys issues from many scholars in the context of theory it related to this research. It is useful for situating the study for charting out what kind of theoretical implication the finding of this study are likely to offer. Therefore in this chapter we discuss the role of state in economic development and the competitiveness in the term of competitiveness in the world market by using revealed comparative advantage and lastly are short brief about the electronics industry. 2.1. The Role of the State in Economic Development The role of state in economic development is enormous not only as regulator but also in law enforcement, the provision of education, adequate infrastructure until on health. The achievement of all the governments role in economic development is depends on the readiness and the government itself. In East Asia has been stated that in the role of state has played in economic development in the region. This can be seen from the many studies about the success of the role of state in East Asia by many authors such as World Bank, 1993, Johnson, 1982, Wade and White, 1984, Amsden, 1989 and Castell, 1992. In this session we will discuss about the perception of the role of state development in East Asia, with emphasis on the relationship between public policy and economics. There are 3 models of the state which we will discuss is the market led model, the state led business model and toward the state interdependence. The Market Led-Model Major institutional anchor market and East Asian development model is a symbol and development strategies, as already stated in the 1980s.by World Bank. In a world development report 1987, the World Bank has been consistently to provide some insight straight from the neo classic from Alfred Marshalls point of view that emphasizes the positive effects of unlimited market in the optimal allocation of resources in order to support free trade and free market development model . In the policy, the World Bank gave some suggestions that the development of the country to adopt a more market development programs such as making links with international bodies like the International Monetary Fund. The story of East Asian development emphasizes the importance of market forces that have been written by Little, 1981, Balassa 1982 and Balassa et.al, 1988. In view of the market-leading model, the role of the state has a limited function as a catalyst and corrector of market failure. According to Little (1981) said that export success in East Asia NIEs stresses because the positive effects of free trade conditions. In this era, the East Asian NIEs have been the transition to industrial capitalism, such as Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong. In this case, the stability of government is essential to provide stable conditions for long-term business conditions and also the regulatory framework and infrastructure capacity too. Balassa remarks in his study of the lessons of East Asian development: The principal Contribution of government in the Far Eastern NIEs has been to create a modem infrastructureà ¯Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¥ to provide a stable incentive system, and to ensure that government bureaucracy will help rather than hinder exportsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦More generally less use has been made of government regulation and bureaucratic controls in East Asia than elsewhere in the developing world. Finallyà ¯Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¥there have been fewer policy-imposed distortions in labor and capital markets, and greater reliance has been placed on private enterprise. (Balassa, 1988; .286-8) Its opposite with Paul W. Kuznets views. Kuznets took a different view of the Balassa by comparing the diametric in Japan, Taiwan and South Korea and end with a diametrically different view of the state of the Balassa. Kuznets states, in three countries, Government intervention, although limited by the need to keep exports competitive, had penetrated (Kuznets, 1988; 36). Latin America vs East Asia: the secret of export-led growth According to Balassa, (1988; 271-288) stated that the East Asian NIEs (including Hong Kong) have adopted the first phase of import-replacing industrialization (the primary local market and import of consumer products are replaced by labor-intensive local production) and is opposite with Latin America NIEs by adopting the second phase of import-substituting industrialization (local production as a producer of goods, capital-intensive import substitute). Balassa (1988) said that export growth in East Asia NIEs which they recorded the highest GDP growth rates among developing countries. Factors influencing this are: Export carried out in accordance with comparative advantage by contributing to the allocation of resources. This condition is an advantage of the new, improved efficiency based on the excellence of each industry and the country concerned. (Balassa, 1988; 280-1) East Asia NIEs exports provide to overcome the limited domestic market with to maximalist use of resources and reap the benefits of large-scale production. Import substitution and protection are often monopolies; export-oriented industrialization is more towards the competition with a change toward more modern technology in order to improve their position in world markets. According to Balassa (1988; 268-8) that four determinants of economic performance of East Asian NIEs are beneficial are: Stability of an incentive system. History of East Asian countries shows that the system is to encourage exports by setting up incentives, eliminating administrative barriers and create a favorable environment for exporters with a relatively stable condition. These conditions contrast with Latin America NIEs. Where East Asia NIES countries are more inclined to avoid any increases or fluctuations in exchange rates, and exporters can usually expect that the incentives they receive will be maintained in the period, while countries in Latin American NIEs with fluctuating exchange rates and wage increases in exports, so it is reduce the profitability of exporters. Limited government intervention. Countries in East Asia have implemented the administrative system is far more limited than in Latin America. This condition is meant by East Asian nations to create a positive environment for economic growth with free markets working. Well function labor and capital markets. The existence of the policy of East Asian countries has instituted in distortion imposed on labor and capital markets. Where labor markets are generally free in East Asia Niles is different with the regulation in Latin America NIEs. These conditions not only on the labor market but also more free capital markets in East Asia NIEs than in Latin America NIEs. Another factor is the interest rate in line with market prices to provide incentives for domestic savings and to prevent capital outflow, while in Latin America NIEs, artificially low interest rates affect currency values is considered too high to encourage overseas capital. Dependence on private capital. Comparing the existence of dependence of the private sector in East Asia NIEs is greater than in Latin America NIEs. In East Asia NIEs private companies to take an important role in making the necessary investments, and through the relationship of international competition to makes efficient and profitable. While in Latin America NIEs, the public companies tend to play a more important role than in the East Asian NIEs. The State-led models State led model is very opposite perspective with the neo classical. The story of the revised outlook from East Asia to the view of the market led to a state model of development led to the concept of state has been expressed by Johnson, 1987, Castell, 1992, as well as success in industrialization on late development in the context of state as the biggest agent in the transformation has been expressed by Gerscenkron, 1962. According to Wade and White observe that: If we turn to Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, among the most dramatic and equitable Cases in the history of Capitalist development, industrialization has in each case been accompanied by aggressive government intervention. The authorities have acted to guide markets and moderate the competitive process in a way that neo classical economics says public officials cannot get right. (Wade and White, 1984; 1) Other scholars such as Deyo said about proposed capacity model strategic, emphasizing the new industrialism East Asia: [the] states commitment to economic expansion and, more important, its capacity to implement well-chosen development strategies differentiates these NIEs from other developing Countries better endowed in natural resources, scale of domestic markets, and other economic assets. (Deyo, 1987; 228) According to the static view, Stephen W.K. Chiu and Tai-Lok Lui (1998; 144) said that state intervention is required for successful late industrialization. This is consistent with Gerschenkron perspective which said that the importance of strong state to overcome the lack of defects, and lack of smooth industrial markets. (Gerschenkron, 1962; Rueschemeyer and Evans, 1985). By following Gerschenkron, Amsden (1989) stated that the industrialization of East Asia is characterized by Late instead of Newly of his (such as the economy in new industries). As a newcomer to East Asian companies must be able to compete with Western companies in terms of technology. In other words, Wade, 1992 said that the magnitude of problems faced by latecomers from the developmental state is to offset the weakness that is often faced by companies in East Asia into International Competition and the transfer of its industrial structure to a more dynamic activity technology. The capitalist developmental state Speaking about development capitalism state directs us to the opinion of Johnson (1987) state that capitalism development does not attempt to replace the market mechanism and private decision, but neither does it abdicate to private profit-seeking Behaviors in the development process. Johnson argued about capitalist development is the logic of the system comes from the interaction of two sub-systems, one public and directed to other development objectives and the private sector and aimed at maximizing profits (Johnson, 1987; 141-2) State of development, according to Johnson, 1987 concept have the following features: Elite Development produced and come to the fore because of a desire to exit the stagnation of dependence and backwardness, that really understand that they need to successfully market to maintain efficiency, motivate the people in the long term, and serves as a check on institutionalized corruption as they struggle against underdevelopment (Johnson, 1987; 140). Because not a socialist country, state development firm committed to private property and markets. The market system is very closely with the government to formulate a strategic industrial policy to promote development. While the development of elite state economic intervention not only on the market. In the state bureaucracy, the pilot agencies (such as MITI in Japan) plays an important role in the formulation and implementation of strategic policy. The agency is given sufficient scope to take initiative and operate effectively, and manage the best people. Johnson showed that a good recruitment in the civil bureaucracy will give good results but also produces a sense of unity and common identity on the part of the elite bureaucracy. Another story about how the state promotes late industrialization has been expressed by Amsden (1989) in which the Korean emphasis on subsidy policy for the revolution industry and disciplined in protecting the new industry grow. Subsidies have given because Korean Integration cannot fight with Japanese companies. Subsidies are given to entrepreneurs to build industry. Korea in the future so that eventually became the major industrialized countries. The discipline Policy, firmly Korean government made a rule that companies that have good performance was the company will be able to award a management and bad performance will get a penalty. This suggests that state intervention is in need when Korea in the industry lags It is required in state bureaucracy that has been selected to get a bureaucracy meritocracy have capable and competent in running the government both in terms of policy and regulation. According to Stephen W.K. Chiu and Tai-Lok Lui (1998; 147) bureaucratic autonomy was also guarded by the politicization of the major economic decisions, or what Johnson calls the separation between reigning and ruling: Otherwise, Johnson said that the politicians set broad goals, protect the technocratic bureaucracy from political pressures perform safety valve functions when the bureaucracy makes mistakes, and take the heat when corruption scandals are uncoveredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the official bureaucracy does the actual planning, interveningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ² and guiding of the economy. (Johnson, 1987; 152). All this is a portrait of the importance of the relationship between state development, conglomerates private sector, banks and other institution in economic development. So the bureaucracy and public-private sector can work together in bringing a strong autonomous states that are not only able to formulate strategic development objectives, but also able to translate national goals into broad effective policy measures to promote late industrialization in East Asia. Towards state-business interdependence? According to Stephen W.K. Chiu and Tai-Lok Lui (1998, 149) states in-state theory emphasizes state autonomy in making decisions and carrying capacity to dominate the market. In East Asia, the theory Gilbert and Howe said: We argue that state-cent red theorists disregard the interrelationà ¯Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¥on of state and society; in viewing the state as an independent entity, they fail to see how it is related to the wider society. Further, they oversimplify societal forces and ignore class conflict within and beyond the state. State and society are interdependent, and must be analyzed as such. (Gilbert and Howe, 1991; 205) Author such as Weiss argued the governed interdependence theory, premised on the proposition that The ability of East Asian firms and industry more generally to adapt quickly to economic change is based on a system that socializes risk and thereby coordinates change across a broad array of organizations both public and private. (Weiss,1995; 594). On the other hand, Weiss argues not only about autonomy is emphasized in state-led model but also the attributes of institutional capacity for coordination with the appropriate type of relationship industrialized countries. Weiss said that in Korea, Taiwan and Japan, the complex matrix of institutions have been established between state institutions and the private sector such as policy networks provides an important mechanism to obtain information and to coordinate cooperation with the private sector with examples of MITI in Japan (Weiss, 1995; 600). This differs with the opinion Samuels in his study of Japans energy policy (Samuel, 1987; 8) says that it is an iterative process of confidence among market participants and public officials, which works better where the patties are stable and negotiations where institutions compacts that ensure their survival. Samuels suggests that Japanese nationals wishing to pursue an energy policy that aims to maintain a stable private market rather than be used to compete or replace private entrepreneurship. Another example, Okimoto debate about the close relationship of government business: It has served as the main instrument for consensus building, the vehicle for information exchange and public-private communication. Close government business relations would be hard to imagine in its absence. Indeed the whole system of Consensus, on which Japans political economy relies, would be hard to maintain without industrial policy as an integrative mechanism. (Okimoto, 1989; 231) Also like Okimoto, Calder said about the financial industry in Japan and the formulation of the strategic capitalism also emphasizes the public-private hybrid system, pushed ahead in the calculation of market-oriented private sector, but with the active involvement of the public sector to encourage public spiritedness and long-term vision (Calder, 1993; 16). Finally, Evans also highlighted the fact that states the successful development can not only be autonomous, they are also embedded in a concrete set of social ties that bind the state to society and provide institutionalized channels for continual negotiation and re-negotiation objectives and policies (Evans , 1995; 12). Competitiveness Competitiveness is the ability to compete in international term between industries not between countries (Krugman, 1996). In winning the competitiveness, the company has its own strategy, such as lower costs, improve product quality and looking for network marketing. However, sometimes the company still needs government support for companies already in several contexts proved to be an important component of the process of achieving competitiveness. The essence of competitiveness strategy are: to improve in-company learning, skills development and technology efforts, to increase the supply of information, skills and technology from around the markets and institutions, and to coordinate collective learning processes that involve different companies in the same industry or in related industries (popularly known as clusters such as, geographic or activity-wise, see Porter, 1990). To win the competitiveness of companies occasionally develop their skills in the market is different for example relating to physical infrastructure, human, financial, technology, capital, and the cluster effect. Competitiveness policy needs arise when one of the markets fails to function efficiently. The experience of East Asian countries in achieving the victory proved that the policy required a coherent and carefully both from the government and the company itself. In order for companies to succeed in international competition, then the measurement of competitiveness needs to be done. One method that can be used in measuring industrial competitiveness in the international area by looking at the competitiveness of industrial products is an international market. One method often used is the RCA (Revealed Comparative Advantage). Revealed Comparative Advantage Beginning of comparative advantage was pioneered by David Ricardos that had opposed the theory of absolute advantage by Adam Smith in The wealth of Nations. In the theory of comparative advantage, David Ricardo states that the country must produce and export goods and services that are relatively more productive than other countries and imports of goods and services that other countries are relatively more productive (Mahoney et al 1998). This theory refers to the productivity based on technological differences in each country. In the literature several techniques used to measure a nations competitiveness by using comparative advantage. There are a number of ways to examine the comparative advantage of the country. One common method is to determine just how special of a country in the production both through building Balassa index or revealed comparative advantage index. This check is good proportion of manufactured or exported, or the numbers working in each industry, compared with other countries. Revealed comparative advantage (RCA) was developed by Balassa (1965). RCA essentially measures normalized export shares, in connection with the same industrial exports in the reference state. RCA index used to determine the position of international competitiveness in terms of trade. RCA Approach, which was pioneered by Balassa, (1965, 1977, 1979 and 1986) have been widely used to test industrial excellence in exports in international market. RCA index is defined as the ratio of a countrys share in world exports of a given industry divided by the share of overall world trade. RCA is still a valid measure of comparative advantage in industries across the country. This is also true by definition still reflects the relative export performance in countries, industries and time and thus still useful for the analysis of the state. Several studies have been done using the concept of RCA by using export and import data. Balassa (1977) have performed an analysis of patterns of comparative advantage of industrialized countries for the period 1953-1971. This method has been used also by the scholar to know the position of industrial competitiveness in international markets such as UNIDO; 1986; World Bank; 1994, Aquino; 1981; Crafts and Thomas; 1986; van Hulst et al; 1991 and. Lim; 1997. The formula to measure a countrys revealed comparative advantage (RCA) is given by: xij / xj Index RCA = xiw / xw Explantation: Xij = value exports commodity i country j Xj = total value exports country j Xiw = value exports commodity i world Xw = total value exports world Several studies by using RCA method Table 2.1. Previous Research on Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) No. Researcher Tittle Conclusion 1.. (Utku Utkulu and Dilek Seymen (Turkey, 2004)). Revealed Comparative Advantage And Competitiveness: Evidence For Turkey Vis-À-Vis The Eu/15 All seven indices show that Turkey has revealed comparative advantages for seven of the 63 product groups: clothing and clothing accessories; vegetables and fruit; sugar, sugar preparations, honey; tobacco; oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; rubber manufactures; textile yarn, fabrics and related products. 2. (Amita Batra and Zeba Khan (India, 2005)) Revealed Comparative Advantage: An Analysis for India and China The analysis of the degree of competition reveals that there is no correlation between the manufacturing sectors of India and China in the global economy. 3. (Naseem Akhtar, Nadia Zakir and Ejaz Ghani) (2007) Changing Revealed Comparative Advantage: a case study of Footwear Industry of Pakistan The changing revealed comparative advantage in Pakistans footwear industry i.e., its shift from disadvantage situation to comparative advantage indicates that there is a potential in this sector for higher growth and the industry can become a source of higher exports earnings. 4. (Diarmaid Addison-Smyth in 2005) Irelands Revealed Comparative Advantage The researcher stated that that Ireland has a RCA in the food and beverages, chemicals and IT sectors. 5. (L. G. Burange and Sheetal J. Chaddha in 2008) Indias Revealed Comparative Advantage In Merchandise Trade Results suggest that India enjoys a comparative advantage in the exports of Ricardo and HO goods. The category of Other goods is also enhancing its presence on the list of items offering comparative advantage. All production of goods requiring standard technology is shifting to developing economies like India as reflected in the absence of RCA in imports of HO goods. Electronics Industry Electronics manufacturing is a commodity that is growing rapidly. In 2005, the global electronics industry has achieved the production of U.S. $ 1.338 trillion, the largest manufacturing industry in the world. The biggest share of world electronics industry is Asia Pacific for 36.8% and America by 25.54% followed by Europe and Japan at 21:35% 15:11%. While for the period 2002-2005 the growth rate, the worlds electronics industry is able to reach 8.2%(table 2.2). Today electronics industry seeks to make changes or moving from the high cost industry to the low cost industry. Based on data concerning the movement of high-cost industries to low cost in mind that manufacturing companies located the United States, Canada, Japan and the West have been migrated and set up their production plants in Asia Pacific countries. This is due to lower costs so that the opportunity to earn much higher profits of manufacturing profits (see figure 2.1). Migration to Low-Cost Locations Source: Reed Research, 2005 in Satiago (2007) Today, with rapid technological advances that have occurred shift segmentation of electronic product with a tendency to electronic networking in the Asia Pacific region including China amounted to 2 / 3 electronic products (see figure 2.2). Based on data on the automotive electronics segment have also been due to various electronic components and parts which have been widely used in automotive. The report said that current industrial electronics industry contributes about 30% of the cost of cars and is expected to rise continue in the future. In terms of market size of electronic components, from the figure 2.3 indicated that the major Asian countries contribute to 43%, excluding Japan 19%, bringing the total of Asia now contributes 62% of the total market and Western countries such as Americas and European) to contribute only 38%. Over the last few years, Asian countries also have penetrated Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) business in the world and are expected to reap 67% of the global EMS revenue in 2009. Electronics Components Market Source: European Electronic Components Manufacturers Association, 2005 in in Satiago (2007) Based on the trend growth rate of the primary and then the electronics industry can be divided into 4 parts electronics industry, namely (Santiago, 2007): Consumer Products: TV flat panel, high definition TVs, iPods, digital cameras and set top box. Communications products: 3G handset, TV reception on handsets, mobile services. Electronic Industry: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), green electronics, optical recognition Automotive electronics: products such as global positioning systems (GPS), hybrid cars and electronics for safety purposes. Electronic games for casinos. Indonesia Electronics Industry Indonesian electronics industry is one of strategic industries and important role in the Indonesian economy. The contribution of electronics industry in Indonesias manufacturing exports in 2005 reached 8%, the third largest non-oil exports in the industrial sector (figure 2.4). Share of the Electronics Exports of the Total Manufacturing Exports (in percentage) Period 2005-2009 Note: *) Period of January-October. Source: BPS (2010) Electronics industry in Indonesia is divided into 3 parts (Ministry of Industry, 2007), namely: Consumer electronics industry, which is a function of their use of electronic product is intended for household needs, such as radio, television, video cassette recorders, refrigerators, washing machines. Industrial electronics business / industry, ie electronics products that use the function intended for business or industrial needs such as computers, calculators, medical equipment. Industry electronics component that is part of an electronics product such as television tubes, integrated circuits, resistors, capacitor, motherboard. Of the three categories, consumer electronics industry is relatively developed industry in Indonesia because it uses technology that is easy to use machines like most in other manufacturing industries (eg, injection-molding machines, inserting machines, dipping machine, press machine, roll-formed steel equipment , machine tools, etc.). Another factor is technology that is relatively simple, so easy in the company relocating from principal to Indonesia. Industrial electronics industry has undergone significant developments supported by booming communications and telecommunications sectors. Weakest segment in the electronics industry is an industry component. Component industry is still underdeveloped compared to both other electronics industries. So the electronics industry is still a high dependence Indonesia with imported components. This is due in addition to limited local component industry also collided in terms of product innovation. The majority of the domestic component industry produces low-tech components, such as plastics, rubber, and metal parts, passive components, mechanical parts, such as speakers, transformers, heat sinks, cable connection, flyback transformer, and printed circuit board (PCB). When we compare in terms of number of firms, output, and work with other industries in Indonesia such as the textile industry, the electronics industry in Indonesia is relatively small. According to the survey of medium and large manufacturing firms conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics, Industrial electronics assembly industry is still dominated by the level of innovation and simple modification and limited-production capabilities. Only a minority of companies have the ability to modify the basic, design, and engineering innovation. Viewed from the point of production structure, most electronics companies are very dependent on imported components from principal. Base on survey conducted by the Ministry of Trade in 2008 found that the Indonesian electronics industry is still concentrated in the regions of West Java and Banten, Riau Island, Jakarta and East Java with a percentage of the industry amounted to 59.70 percent, 17:14 percent, 12:05 percent, and 8:10 per from the above provinces such as in Central Java, DI. Yogyakarta and North Sumatra is still far smaller than the fourth region. Based on the data, the Indonesian electronics industry is still concentrated in only four regions. These conditions actually facilitate Indonesian to building facilities and infrastructure that can support Indonesias competitiveness in electronic products. Agglomeration Effects versus Policy Effects: The Case of the Electronics Industry in Malaysia In the present paper, we examined firms location choice within the Malaysian electronics industry, using a conditional logit model. We find that agglomeration and industrial estate have a positive effect on location choice. In particular, agglomeration has much larger effect on location-choice behavior by firms than any other factor. Although the government establishes industrial estates in underdeveloped areas to attract new investment, their effectiveness on location choice is very limited because of the lack of agglomeration effects. From these results, we draw the following two policy implications. First, establishing industrial estates is not an efficient strategy to overcome the regional inequality of industry in a developing country. Other policy tools should be considered for this purpose. Second, enlarging existing industrial estates and/or building new ones will be a good policy tool to attract firms to regions that already have plentiful firms. Dieter Ernst in 2004 Late Innovation Strategies in Electronics Industries: A Conceptual Framework and Illustrative Evidence This paper has developed some important conceptual building-blocks that we need to capture peculiar features of Asias late innovation strategies in the electronics industry. The paper has finding that Asian firms recently have been able to innovate in industries that involve highly complex technological knowledge, despite the fact that they continue to lag substantially behind advanced nations in the development of their RD and innovative capabilities. In addition to design implementation, this includes innovations in process technology for electronic components and in the design

Gene Therapy :: Genetics Genetic Engineering

Gene Therapy Gene therapy is the term used for the process of curing various diseases on the genetic level by injecting patients with a healthy gene so their bodies will continue to produce healthy copies of the gene rather than destructive ones. The term gene therapy and the basic notions that it entailed weren't even in researchers' vocabulary until the mid 1960's. Early endeavors to cure people via a genetic approach began in 1970 with a disease called argininemia, but proved ineffective. An actual effective transfer of a gene didn’t occur until nine years later in 1979. Early attempts to examine the ethical nature of the future of gene therapy stemmed from this initial successful experiment and ones immediately following it.2 Throughout the 1980’s and early 1990’s development of gene therapy continued. It wasn’t until 1993 that the first clinical trial of gene therapy using the adenovirus, which was the vector that Jesse Gelsinger was administered, took place.2 A vector is the method by which the healthy gene is inserted into the DNA of the patient. 18 year-old Jesse Gelsinger died September 17, 1999 from a gene therapy experiment targeting the gene for the disease ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), a rare genetic disorder that affects the liver and its ability to clear ammonia from the body’s bloodstream. The illness occurs in 1 out of every 40,000 births and 50% of infants die within a month of birth. Jesse had a relatively mild form of the disease and was controlling it with drugs. He entered the study to help further OTC research with the hopes of finding a treatment for others with the condition.1 The study was performed by the University of Pennsylvania’s gene therapy researchers. Researchers injected Jesse’s liver with a vector including both the adenovirus and a normal OTC gene. He was the 18th subject to undergo the treatment, but received a higher dose of the adenovirus than all of the other subjects. Gene Therapy :: Genetics Genetic Engineering Gene Therapy Gene therapy is the term used for the process of curing various diseases on the genetic level by injecting patients with a healthy gene so their bodies will continue to produce healthy copies of the gene rather than destructive ones. The term gene therapy and the basic notions that it entailed weren't even in researchers' vocabulary until the mid 1960's. Early endeavors to cure people via a genetic approach began in 1970 with a disease called argininemia, but proved ineffective. An actual effective transfer of a gene didn’t occur until nine years later in 1979. Early attempts to examine the ethical nature of the future of gene therapy stemmed from this initial successful experiment and ones immediately following it.2 Throughout the 1980’s and early 1990’s development of gene therapy continued. It wasn’t until 1993 that the first clinical trial of gene therapy using the adenovirus, which was the vector that Jesse Gelsinger was administered, took place.2 A vector is the method by which the healthy gene is inserted into the DNA of the patient. 18 year-old Jesse Gelsinger died September 17, 1999 from a gene therapy experiment targeting the gene for the disease ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), a rare genetic disorder that affects the liver and its ability to clear ammonia from the body’s bloodstream. The illness occurs in 1 out of every 40,000 births and 50% of infants die within a month of birth. Jesse had a relatively mild form of the disease and was controlling it with drugs. He entered the study to help further OTC research with the hopes of finding a treatment for others with the condition.1 The study was performed by the University of Pennsylvania’s gene therapy researchers. Researchers injected Jesse’s liver with a vector including both the adenovirus and a normal OTC gene. He was the 18th subject to undergo the treatment, but received a higher dose of the adenovirus than all of the other subjects.

Business Systems Hoosier Burger Essay

Improving Hoosier Burger Bob and Thelma Mellankamp wanted to open their own business. They came across Myrtle’s Family Restaurant and saw a sign that said it was for sale. Bob and Thelma bought the restaurant and their own restaurant was brought to life Hoosier Burger Restaurant. The idea was one that everyone dreams of owning their own business but do not understand all the behind the scenes projects that make a business successful. Yes, they have been in business for over 30 years but even they understand that their dream needs some improvement to continue in the market they are in. Bob and Thelma have discussed the idea of a computer system but do not know where to start so Bob wants to bring in a consultant to address some of their weak areas and make suggestions to improve Hoosier Burger. They inform the consultant on how business is ran. This restaurant is behind the curve when it comes to technology. They still do paper trail on every aspect of the restaurant from deliveries, inventories, and p oint of sale (Valacich, George, & Hoffer, 2009). Even though paper was what many companies started out with, it is no longer an approved way to do business. Paper allows too many human errors to come into play where as an electronic record keeping system eliminates a majority of these errors but as with any data†¦you get out of it what you put into it. All this means that if you put inaccurate data into the system then the data you get from the system will also be inaccurate. Hoosier Burger has learned this lesson oh too well. Especially, since they did not order enough vanilla ice cream to cover their own special so they had to run to the grocery store to try to get enough for the sales they were doing on the special (Valacich et al., 2009). Bob and Thelma agreed that it would be  valuable to purchase an information system to assist them in the areas of inventory management, marketing, customer service, food preparation, and point of sale (Valacich et al.). Now that it has been decided on what needs to be addressed with thi s new information system. The systems development life cycle (SDLC) begins (Valacich et al., 2009). The four main steps of this process are (1) planning and selection, (2) analysis, (3) design, and (4) implementation and operation. The first phase is to plan the system out and then select the appropriate system for job. This situation a good point of sale system would give this company the system they need for daily operations and growth. A good POS covers all aspects of the restaurant from the dining area to the kitchen and even the storage areas. With any system, you have subsystems that are called components. Components by themselves do not make a system but when put together they make a complete system. In the case of Hoosier Burger one of the components of the system would be an inventory log or database. This subsystem would track usages and deliveries to ensure that stocks are maintain at the properly level for daily operation of the business. The project development team that Hoosier Burger selected w as based on the weaknesses of the organization. The focus of the new system will be on ways to improve inventory management, customer service, and management reporting. Any one of these weaknesses could cripple the organization. The team needs to get as much information as possible to ensure that they are building the correct system for this organization. I would use the interview process to get as much information from the staff as possible and I would use questionnaire to customer input. Also, I would gather as many reports and logs that I could for supporting documentation but with the current processes. This type of information may not be readily available or available at all. After gathering this information, the process of developing a system to correct their weaknesses begins. You would also want to find out if the company has any upgrades planned so that you could incorporate that into the system. In this case, they want to expand to delivery services and a drive through operation. These expansions do not require a lot of upgrades to the building so these will go into effect immediately to increase revenue for the company. The diagram figure 1 shows the flow of information for the new system. Fig 1. As you can see from figure, the information system that need is robust in nature but simple. The system analyst now needs to break down the different entities the company needs to store information about. These entities have particular characteristics that require information to be stored. There are rules used when attempting to place an identifier for each entity. The diagram will show the changes and specify the component’s needed for each relationship. In the text, an entity is a person, object, place, concept, or event in the user environment of which an organization wants to store data(Valacich, George, & Hoffer, 2009). Person entities are usually your employees but can be your customer. Place entities are basically the location i.e. states, regions, countries. Object entities include the machines you use, buildings your work out of, products you produce, and vehicles. Event entities can be considered sales, renewals, registrations. Concept entities include courses, accounts, or work centers. Hoosier Burger needs the ability to store information about their individual entities. The main entity is the customer that frequents the restaurant on a regular basis. They also need to store information about what products the customer is purchasing. Hoosier Burger also needs the ability to store information about the company itself and place entities which are the businesses that order meals from the company. We will now discuss attributes. Attributes according to the text are named properties or characteristics of entities that are of interest to the organization(Valacich et al., 2009). The following attributes should be used for the customer: customer name, customer address, customer phone number, customer’s number of orders, and customer specific orders. These attributes can also be assigned to the business entity by switching out customer with business. Attributes can also be assigned to the end product such as ingredients, price, and amount sold. Identifying the entities require assigning unique identifying  characteristics for the entity type. For example when dealing the with customer entity, you would use an identifier that is easy to use i.e. Customer ID, Customer Name, Customer Address, and Customer Phone. The key when dealing with identifying items is making it user friendly. Once all of these have been put into place, the system analyst now needs to build three working solutions to this company’s weaknesses. The three solutions as discussed in the text are low, medium, and high level. The difference in the three levels usually equates to cost but it also includes how much effort the user has to put into the system and the type of technology used. Time is money and if your employees are having to spend more time with the system than the customer then Hoosier Burger will lose money. All of these factors come into play when developing a system for an organization. The key to success of Hoosier Burger and the project development team is communication and cooperation. The more time these two entities communicate with each the easier it will be for the project team to address the needs of the customer and customer addresses the needs of the project team. It is a two way street. In the end, the job of the system analyst is to develop a system that addresses the wants and needs of the customer while maintaining within the budget. You do not want to sell the customer a â€Å"Corvette† when a â€Å"Camaro† would have done what is needed. Reference Valacich, J. S., George, J. F., & Hoffer, J. A. (2009). Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.